What to Expect From Student Narrative Essay Samples?

What to Expect From Student Narrative Essay Samples? New Questions About Student Narrative Essay Samples An outline is extremely crucial for a descriptive essay, as it permits you to abide by the plot and include all the vital specifics. Furthermore, it is possible to also take a look at our Argumentative Essay templates. Descriptive Narrative Essay Example may be used mainly to recreate a function. The Basics of Student Narrative Essay Samples High school essay writing is a frequent classroom activity and is also part of several normal examinations. Next, employing an expert to compose an essay for you're able to help you better your academic outcome. A descriptive essay isn't just present within the field of education and research. It can be used in different activities and undertakings. Up in Arms About Student Narrative Essay Samples? A descriptive essay presents an individual, place, or thing, in a manner that readers feel like it's in front of their eyes, or they ar e tasting it, or they can hear this, or they can smell it. Do something similar on different parts of the document that you need to modify or delete. Explain the objective of the paper and the way you mean to deal with the topic. The regular structure of a paper is composed of an introduction, the body, and a conclusion. The Fight Against Student Narrative Essay Samples Many facets of my life have influenced my nature and the manner I live. Ensure you will always don't forget the items that we've discussed so that you can remain ready in writing a descriptive essay if you are going to be tasked to do so even within the professional working atmosphere. The actual folks highly praise our essay help site. A personal narrative essay is all about a personal experience, therefore it is usually written in the very first individual. Before writing a descriptive essay, you need to be able to understand how you are likely to encrypt your essay to meet up with the question requirement s. A valuable collection of descriptive essay thoughts and topics are available here. The main reason why lots of students opt to tackle descriptive essay topics is because they are simple to take care of. It's possible to use narrative essay examples high school to find out more. The coming of the essay has to be in the current tense and reveal what things to expect in the remainder of the write-up. Now your essay can turn into one of many descriptive essay examples out there for students to utilize for support. In the event that you were assigned with a descriptive essay, you are likely puzzled where to get started. As you begin on your descriptive essay, it's important that you identify just what you wish to describe. The principal matter to be mindful about in personal descriptive essay is that there shouldn't be any over-exaggeration. A very good descriptive essay comes out of a knowledgeable and imaginative mind. A descriptive essay, since the name implies, is a sort of essay that describes something. A narrative essay, more than every other kind of essay, allows you to be creative as a writer. Samples supply you with a chance to secure closer to the style and structure that's usually appreciated by tutors. All of these are positive. Quite a few music or internet radio websites have come up on the Internet in the previous five decades. Descriptive writing is normally identified by means of senses to supply a narrative, sketch or explanation on the subject available. Writing descriptive essay students need to be more personal and use their imagination to the complete extent. Persuasive essays should have logical and very clear reasoning supported by facts and arguments. Writing a fan tastic descriptive essay is basically giving a thorough explanation of a specific feature or phenomenon. The objective of samples is to help you reflect on a specific topic and provide the course which will help you finish your essay. As a writer, you ought to go through various samples so that you are able to get exposed. Descriptive essay samples can help you with writing a description of sensory details which are an essential portion of descriptive writing.

Personal Experience English Composition Course - 622 Words

Focusing in self- evaluation to improve the learning process, help me to set goals and be aware of my own mistakes. When the English Composition course started, I wanted to be able to express my thoughts and my ideas in an effective way. The continuation of my education was very difficult, and I began to doubt myself when faced with the first couple of weeks. My first assignment was my most difficult assignment, and I found myself having trouble sticking to a thesis, because I had so many ideas that I did not know how to organize, and that was the primary purpose of taking this course, to learn to make my writings more organized. I choose three assignments out of the six, which were not only my favorite assignments; they are all written in classical perspective. I prefer to write in classical perspective so I may get my personal opinion to a specific audience. As I wrote each assignment I described my past experience as if I was speaking to a group telling my story. Writing with emo tion as I envisioned my past experiences and how I can get my audience to feel as I felt was my goal. I wrote in classical perspective in the interest of writing my personality and voice, but it also shows how I perceive my audience. By changing the structure and organizing my thoughts I was able to shape the overall character of my work. In all three assignments I wrote in first person point of view. I choose first person view so I can express a more personal,Show MoreRelatedAnalysis Of The Writing Red Pen Rhetoric Essay1606 Words   |  7 Pages Anyone who has ever taken any kind of writing or English class, in either a high school or college setting knows the difference between a challenging teacher that helps his or her students learn and a chill teacher that doesn t teach his or her students anything. Many students would probably prefer to have a strict teacher who genuinely helps them learn from their mistakes and improve their writing in general, especially if these studen ts are planning to go on to college. These future college studentsRead MoreEnglish 105 Composition And Challenging Critical Thinking Skills1152 Words   |  5 Pages English 105 Composition I familiarize students to the college-level writing process through the construction and revisions of a series of credible and impressive essays. It incorporates unique research skills and challenging critical thinking skills. English 105 is an introduction to different styles of writing and the importance writing has as a form of communication. Through disclosure to a variety of college level reading skills, the students will build critical reading skills, and will be ableRead More Emotive Response to Essays1425 Words   |  6 PagesIn tenth grade, everyone in Mrs. D’s English class had to write an essay on an American author. 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Throughout the course, I got better at analyzing articles and pieces to get the meaning of the topic. With that improved skill I was more able to use the information given from the text and install it into my essays, with proper citation if needed. Before taking the English Composition course, I was not one to organize my essays in an ordeal order to clearly stateRead MoreWriting Across And Against The Curriculum1159 Words   |  5 Pagesthe Curriculum.† College Composition and Communication. 54.3 (2003): 472-485. Art Young, in the article â€Å"Writing Across and Against the Curriculum,† proposes an innovative and effective approach to promoting language skills and critical thinking amongst college students. 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Many renowned writers and other professionals have expressed their personal opinion about the value of words over the last few years. Chinese-American author Amy Tan is one of the many writers who understand the importance of the simplest words in the English language. Tan, author of the Joy Luck Club, was born and raised in San Francisco by her Chinese parents. Tan graduated from high school and pursued her collegeRead More All Students Must Learn How to Use Grammar Essay1733 Words   |  7 Pageswouldnt go so far as to say that that meant I was learning grammar or even correct writing for that matter. There in green, blue, and sometimes black ink was the evidence that someone--more powerful, more knowing, more in control of the English language than I--had read through my work and found something that wasnt quite right. So Id rewrite, revise, reword, and rethink everything, hoping that the next draft would miraculously make more sense than the last. To me, good, clear

The Relation between HIV and White Oppression Sample for Students

Question: Discuss about the Relation between HIV/AIDS and White Oppression in American Aetiology Beliefs and Values and Conspiracies. Answer: Research topic The prevalence of conspiracy etiologies for HIV/AIDS among the minority population in Canada and the possible impacts have been a topic of debate and considerable research in the present time with the focus on African Americans (Sutton, Parks, 013). Research undertaken with African American conspiracy beliefs often indicate that individuals with stronger conspiracy beliefs have a more negative attitude towards safe sexual practices. There is a rich body of anecdotal speculation on conspiracy beliefs among American Indians (AI) (OLeary et al.,2014). Conspiracy beliefs are explanations of a certain event invoking a conspiracy without involving a harmful or illegal act carried out by any actor. Conspiracy beliefs of HIV/AIDS are a major barrier to the prevention of HIV. The probable means by which conspiracy beliefs largely make an impact on the community-specific knowledge of overpowering health and social problems have not been addressed in the existing literature (Quinn et al., 2016). Against this background, a proper analysis on conspiracy belief as knowledge about community-specific understandings of HIV/AIDS among American Indians would be significant in the field of anthropology. The proposed research would address this gap in existing literature. For discussing the role of conspiracy beliefs in HIV/AIDS aetiology, the proposed research would draw on recent anthropological work and examine the epidemic disease from different perspectives. The goal of the proposed research would be to discuss AI conspiracy beliefs of general populations. Research question What is the link between white oppression and HIV/AIDS in American Indian Etiology regarding conspiracy beliefs among individuals? Hypothesis The research paper would argue that conspiracy beliefs are a reflection of a certain understanding about HIV/AIDS among AIs and therefore must hold a significant position in emerging pool of research among AIs. The paper would be an attempt to justify that individuals undertake an assessment of their risks of HIV from multi-faceted socio-economic as well as political positions. The hypothesis of the paper is that there is a possible relation between being an AI and disease aetiology of HIV infection. The association parallels notions of AIs of socioeconomic status and structural inequality. Methodology The data for the proposed research would be collected through open-ended ethnographic interviews as well as demographic questionnaires. One one one interviews would be collected with AI men. According to Kottak (2011) conducting interviews with participants enables extraction of maximal information against the cultural and social contexts of the participants. Open-ended questions provide different dimensions in life, and data collection is done in real-life contexts. Two field assistants would help in this regard for counselling purposes. Participants would be recruited through snowball sampling method. 50 individuals would be considered as participants. Recruitment of participants would be done through social networks. The demographic information would be gathered through the questionnaire including income, marital status, residence. The experiences of participants would be investigated through semi-structured face-to-face interviews. This would encompass personal experiences of participants in relation to the impact of HIV/AIDS on their lives. This would aim to highlight their opinions and views about the way in which the AI community responds to AIDS crisis (Van de Castle 2016). Data analysis method Due to small sample size, it would be desirable to use the Fisher exact tests for accurately measuring the data instead of the traditional chi-square test. The results would be presented regarding prevalence proportion ratios (PPR). The confidence intervals (CI) would be 95% for binomial distributions. Prevalence Odds Ratio (POR) have the tendency to over estimate the risk at certain instances. Therefore the PPR would be used for getting a more consistent and conservative estimate (Silverman, 2016). Interview transcriptions would be evaluated for patterns against the indication of HIV status. Bivariate analyses would be conducted for determining the associations between cultural, socioeconomic and demographic data. Adjusted standardised residuals (ASR) and Fisher exact tests would be examined for identifying statistically significant differences with the help of SPSS software. The results are to be presented in the form of PPR (Neuman, 2016). Conclusion The proposed research would be an extensive study on the aspects of HIV prevention and impact of conspiracy beliefs on AIs. The paper would be significant in terms of relating to research acting as counterparts to such kind of studies. The study would advocate for further research in the same area on a more in-depth basis that would highlight more crucial aspects on the relation of conspiracy beliefs with the issue of HIV/AIDS mong AI. It would pave the way for valuable anthropological research. References Kottak, C. P. (2011).Cultural anthropology: Appreciating cultural diversity. New York, NY: McGraw-Hill. Neuman, W. L. (2016).Understanding research. Pearson. OLeary, A., Jemmott, J. B., Stevens, R., Rutledge, S. E., Icard, L. D. (2014). Optimism and education buffer the effects of syndemic conditions on HIV status among African American men who have sex with men.AIDS and Behavior,18(11), 2080-2088. Quinn, K. G., Kelly, J. A., DiFranceisco, W. J., Tarima, S. S., Petroll, A. E., Sanders, C., ... Amirkhanian, Y. A. (2016). The Health and Sociocultural Correlates of AIDS Genocidal Beliefs and Medical Mistrust Among African American MSM.AIDS and Behavior, 1-12. Silverman, D. (Ed.). (2016).Qualitative research. Sage. Sutton, M. Y., Parks, C. P. (2013). HIV/AIDS prevention, faith, and spirituality among black/African American and Latino communities in the United States: strengthening scientific faith-based efforts to shift the course of the epidemic and reduce HIV-related health disparities.Journal of Religion and Health,52(2), 514-530. Van de Castle, R. L. (2016).Anthropology and psychic research(Vol. 11). Cosimo, Inc..

What is Stanford Business School Essay Essay Example

What is Stanford Business School Essay Paper Stanford Business School is one of the most prestigious and desirable school to study in. It is one of the seven professional schools of Stanford University. The school offers programs MBA, MSc (for people with work experience), Ph.D., as well as joint programs with schools of science, education, engineering, law, and medicine. Among the graduates of the school are CEO of General Motors Company — Mary Barra, billionaire Sid Bass, Time Warner president Jeffrey Bewkes, President and CEO of eBay — John Donoghue, founder of Nike — Phil Knight, co-founder of Capital One — Richard Fairbank and founder of Victorias Secret — Roy Raymond. At Stanford Graduate School of Business studied, but did not finish, US President John Kennedy. Thousands of applicants every year submit documents to the Stanford business school selection committee. However, obviously, not all of them will succeed. How to bypass competitors and become noticed in the whirlpool of applications? First of all, you should set up your goals. You should clearly understand what you are doing and why. Try to make a self-examination to comprehend your actual purposes. Most people do not achieve anything, because they have nothing to achieve. Have you noticed that hunters don’t go to the forest just to hunt? In a few days in advance, they clearly know who they want to shoot. Whether a bear, or a duck, or some other wild beast. To do this, they pick up special rifles, cartridges, choose the best place that will increase their chances of success. We need to apply the same strategy in business. Try to imagine the opportunities you will get applying Stanford, visualize your future, try to envision what will happen after earning your MBA. Think about your future business marketing plan. All these things will help you to see the light at the end of the tunnel. So, get to work — start writing. We will write a custom essay sample on What is Stanford Business School Essay specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on What is Stanford Business School Essay specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on What is Stanford Business School Essay specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer How to make a successful essay in 2018 Question one is how to begin. The best way to start a Stanford MBA essay is to sit, abstract and start working. Don’t be nervous, anxiety and fear will only prevent you from impressive essays. Leave the worries to someone else. Try to use the essay as a deep self-examination to explain your decision and show your future plans. Try to tell your story, include things that matter exactly to you. Your essay can genuinely illustrate your ambitions and plans. Why do I need Stanford gsb MBA? You should primarily answer this question. Clear goals will convince the selection committee that you are ready to enter Stanford Business School. Young people usually have a tendency to idealize things around them. They have huge ambitions and quite often see the world through rose-tinted glasses. Use it as your power. Don’t be afraid of your own opinions, so many men, so many minds. Conversely, try to be fresh and new, show all your potential, express yourself. Don’t focus on someone’s else thoughts, develop your own ideas and critical thinking. Under no circumstances copy your essays! The most impressive essays are the most authentic. Resist the urge to put yourself into what you think Stanford wants to hear. Doing so will only keep the selection committee from understanding who you really are and what you hope to accomplish, it will hinder them to get to know you. Nowadays reality dictates the rules — novelty is in fashion. Business essay step by step The beginning of each essay plays a crucial role in a selection committee verdict. Inappropriate start of your Stanford essay will result to the denial of your application. First of all, think carefully, what you will be writing about. You have to answer 2 questions: â€Å"What matters most to you, and why?† and â€Å"Why Stanford?†. The first part of Stanfords essay is unique. No other business school will ask you this type of question. It is more like an application for a program on philosophy than an MBA. Here are some tips on how to answer it properly: 1.Do some deep self-examination, so you can genuinely illustrate who you are and how you came to be the person you are. Share the insights, experiences, and lessons that shaped your perspectives, rather than focusing merely on what you’ve done or accomplished. Write from the heart, and illustrate how a person, situation, or event has influenced you. Focus on the â€Å"why† rather than the â€Å"what.† The second question requires: Explain your decision to pursue graduate education in management. Explain the distinctive opportunities you will pursue at Stanford. If you are applying to both the MBA and MSx programs, use this part of the essay to address your interest in both programs. The properly structured essay can illustrate how well a person organized is and emphasize only positive sides of the applicant. The next step is to find a simple answer to essay questions. There is no need to reinvent the wheel. Try to sound like a confident person; self-doubt will only reveal that you feel like a fish out of water. Include your professional accomplishments, show yourself from the best side, avoid hesitance and doubts. Focusing merely on what you’ve already done will help you to move on. Don’t give up! Show what goals you will pursue and try to be precise and clear. Rather than focusing on your drawbacks, try to accentuate the advantages of your personality, academic and professional achievements. Stick to the suggested word count; there is no need to write too much; it will only distract the selection committee and make them bored. Preview the uploaded documents. As it is said, score twice before you cut once. Do not be lazy to check everything twice, be aware that this one document will determine your future. Stick to the application deadlines; you will need to be attentive and understand that you will need much time to prepare. For sure save a copy of your Stanford essays. In case of failure, you will have an opportunity to work on your mistakes and realize what exactly was done wrong. Then it will help you in building a business plan. When everything is behind, you will need to be patient and wait for your results. Why do we need a perfect essay Stanford MBA application can become the most important step towards a successful future. On this tipping point, you should put yourself together and begin to work. Stanford MBA program is really complicated and challenging. Consider whether you are ready? Ask your friends to help you to realize if you are capable of doing this. It will enable to avoid self-delusion. Nevertheless, believe in yourself! Friends and family should become reliable support, but don’t allow them to edit or give feedback to your essays, entrust this part to the professionals. We will help you to realize, how to succeed and tell you everything that you need to know. Visit paperap.com or help and advice, and we will do our job at the highest level.

Free Essays on Marquis De Condorcet

Marquis De Condorcet Marie Jean Caritat also known as Marquis De Condorcet became one of the leading human rights advocates to reflect and act on the issues of slavery, women’s’ rights and other infringements on human rights during the French Revolution. Marquis de Condorcet was recognized as being such an advocate of human rights through his writings and political encouragement of rights throughout the French Revolution. Marquis de Condorcet’s constant devotion helped gain all human beings our natural rights. Marquis De Condorcet was born in Ribemont, Aisne in 1743 where he grew up with his mother. His father was a cavalry captain and died five weeks after his birth. Marquis de Condorcet’s mother was a very religious person which raised him to be Catholic. At the age of nine Condorcet went to live with his uncle that sent him to a Jesuit school in Rheims. In 1758, Condorcet was sent to college at the University of Paris where he learned religion and Latin, and mathematics. Condorcet took a liking to mathematics and decided to devote his life to studying it. At the age of sixteen he was acknowledged for his analytical abilities. This gained him respect from many people such as Jean le Rond D’Alembert, which decided to take him under his wing and teach him. Once Condorcet gained the respect of others his career sparked off. Throughout the later half of Condorcet’s life he pondered ideas and expressed his beliefs of natural rights. Condorcet used his political career to help focus on his philosophies on human rights. Not only did Condorcet use his political career in many ways to help human rights, but he also used it to demonstrate voting rights and other forms of politics which apply to all people. For example in 1785 Condorcet demonstrated how three different majorities could have equal power in voting through what is known as Condorcet’s paradox. Out of all of the ideas which Condorcet reflected he first deno... Free Essays on Marquis De Condorcet Free Essays on Marquis De Condorcet Marquis De Condorcet Marie Jean Caritat also known as Marquis De Condorcet became one of the leading human rights advocates to reflect and act on the issues of slavery, women’s’ rights and other infringements on human rights during the French Revolution. Marquis de Condorcet was recognized as being such an advocate of human rights through his writings and political encouragement of rights throughout the French Revolution. Marquis de Condorcet’s constant devotion helped gain all human beings our natural rights. Marquis De Condorcet was born in Ribemont, Aisne in 1743 where he grew up with his mother. His father was a cavalry captain and died five weeks after his birth. Marquis de Condorcet’s mother was a very religious person which raised him to be Catholic. At the age of nine Condorcet went to live with his uncle that sent him to a Jesuit school in Rheims. In 1758, Condorcet was sent to college at the University of Paris where he learned religion and Latin, and mathematics. Condorcet took a liking to mathematics and decided to devote his life to studying it. At the age of sixteen he was acknowledged for his analytical abilities. This gained him respect from many people such as Jean le Rond D’Alembert, which decided to take him under his wing and teach him. Once Condorcet gained the respect of others his career sparked off. Throughout the later half of Condorcet’s life he pondered ideas and expressed his beliefs of natural rights. Condorcet used his political career to help focus on his philosophies on human rights. Not only did Condorcet use his political career in many ways to help human rights, but he also used it to demonstrate voting rights and other forms of politics which apply to all people. For example in 1785 Condorcet demonstrated how three different majorities could have equal power in voting through what is known as Condorcet’s paradox. Out of all of the ideas which Condorcet reflected he first deno...

How to Format a US Business Letter

How to Format a US Business Letter How to Format a US Business Letter How to Format a US Business Letter By Ali Hale Whatever you do – whether you’re a student, employed in an office job, or working as a freelancer – I can guarantee that at some point in your life, you’ll need to sit down and write a formal business letter. It might be to a customer, to an employer with a job that you want, or to apply for university funding. Perhaps it’ll even be to a literary agent or publisher who just might take on your undiscovered novel. Of course, you’ll want the letter to be well-written – but almost as important is knowing how to format it correctly. This article is about US business letter format (for UK readers, don’t worry, I’ll be writing a follow-up one for you.) The main formats for business letters in the US are called full block format and modified block format. Full block format means that all the elements of the letter are left-justified so that the start of each line is at the left-hand margin. This is the more formal style, so use it if you’re unsure which to go for. Modified block format means that some elements of the letter are shifted over to the right. Nowadays, this style is appropriate in most contexts. Here’s a full block format letter And a modified block format one: Let’s break those down into the main elements, in top-to-bottom order: Your Address Your address, also known as the â€Å"return address†, should come first. (Note that this applies when using standard plain paper. If you have letter headed paper, you should omit this.) 123 Acacia Avenue Newtown Anywhere AN 98765 Your return address should be positioned: On the left-hand side if you’re using full block format On the right-hand side (tab across, rather than right-aligning) if you’re using modified block format Why put your address? Even if the recipient has your details in their address book, you want it to be as hassle-free as possible for them to reply – you’re likely to receive a speedier response. The Date Directly beneath your address, put the date on which the letter was written: May 15, 2008 To avoid any confusion, especially if you are writing to a business abroad, it is best to put the date in word rather than number form, and you should omit the â€Å"th†. The date should be positioned on the left-hand side, for full block format and for modified block format Why put the date? It’s standard practice to include the date on which the letter was written. Correspondence is often filed in date order. It makes it much easier for the recipient to send a timely reply, and easier for you to chase up an answer if necessary. Eg. â€Å"In my letter of May 15†¦Ã¢â‚¬  Reference Line Ive not included this on the diagram as guidance varies on where it should be placed. You may include a reference line, starting with â€Å"Re:† This is often used when corresponding with large companies, or when applying for a job. The reference line can either appear beneath the date, OR beneath the recipients address. If you use a reference line, you should usually omit the subject line (see below). The reference line should be left-aligned for both full and modified block formats. Different types of letters will require different types of subject and reference lines, so choose the one thats most appropriate to your case. Why put a reference line? You should use a reference line if the recipient has requested specific information, such as a job number or invoice number, or if youre replying to a letter. This makes it easier for the recipient to get a speedy response to you. Recipient’s Name and Address Beneath this, you should put the name and address of the person you’re writing to, just as it would appear on the envelope. If you’re using a window envelope, this should be aligned on the page to show through the window – but even if it won’t be visible until the letter is opened, it should still be included. The recipient’s name and address should be positioned on the left-hand side, for both formats. Why put their address? If you’re writing to someone in an office, it probably won’t be them who opens the post. An administrator is likely to do so – and letters may be separated from their envelopes at this stage. Particularly if there are multiple departments within one building, or if you are starting your letter â€Å"Dear Bob†, a name and address ensures your letter reaches the correct recipient. The Greeting After their address, you should leave a line’s space then put â€Å"Dear Mr Jones†, â€Å"Dear Bob† or â€Å"Dear Sir/Madam† as appropriate. Follow this with a colon. The greeting, sometimes called the â€Å"salutation†, should always be left-aligned. Why put a greeting? Business letters are a formal type of writing, and it’s considered polite to start with a greeting. Although you can get away with starting emails â€Å"Hi† or â€Å"Hello†, letters follow more conservative conventions. The Subject Optionally, you may wish to include a subject for your letter. This is becoming more common, perhaps as people have become used to the subject lines of emails. If you do put a subject line, it should be in uppercase, directly below the â€Å"Dear name:† The subject (if you include one) should be left-aligned for full block format, but can be either left aligned or centred for modified block format. Why put the subject? It’s a good idea to include a subject so that the recipient can see at a glance what the letter refers to. Try to be succinct but include as much information as possible, eg. â€Å"Funding application from Joe Bloggs, candidate 222-456†. The Text of Your Letter Now, finally, you can write the main body of your letter. Your text should have: Single-spacing between lines A blank line (NOT an indent) before each new paragraph (And, of course, you should conform to all the usual rules of grammar, punctuation and spelling: for example, ensuring that you start each sentence with a capital letter, and finish with a full stop.) Why leave blank lines? In the business world, it’s standard practise to put a blank line between paragraphs. This helps to break up the text on the page and make it more readable. The Closing After the body of text, your letter should end with an appropriate closing phrase and a comma. The safest option is â€Å"Yours faithfully† (when you don’t know the name of the person to whom you are writing, ie. when you began â€Å"Dear Sir/Madam†) or â€Å"Yours sincerely† (when you do know their name). If you are already acquainted with the recipient, it may be appropriate to use a phrase such as â€Å"Best regards†, â€Å"With warmest regards†, or â€Å"Kind regards†. The closing should be: Left-aligned for full block format On the right (tab across so it matches up with your address) for modified block format Why use these phrases? Although â€Å"Yours sincerely† and â€Å"Yours faithfully† might sound archaic, they are time-honoured ways to close a formal letter. Your Name and Signature Put several blank lines after the â€Å"Yours sincerely,† or â€Å"Yours faithfully,† then type your name. You can optionally put your job title and company name on the line beneath this. Joe Bloggs Marketing Director, BizSolutions Your name and signature should be: Left-aligned for full block format On the right (tab across so it matches up with your address) for modified block format Why leave a blank space? The blank space is so that, when you’ve printed the letter, you can sign it with your name. This is taken as proof that the letter really is from the person whose name is typed at the bottom. Sometimes, another person may sign the letter on your behalf. If this is the case, they should put the letters â€Å"p.p.† before their name, which stands for the Latin per procurationem meaning â€Å"by agency†. Business letter tone Its very important that you choose the right voice and tone when writing your business letter. Using the correct format but choosing an improper type of language might affect your desired outcome. Heres what the guys from thebalancecareers.com wrote about this: Make the purpose of your letter clear through simple and targeted language, keeping the opening paragraph brief. You can start with, â€Å"I am writing in reference to†¦Ã¢â‚¬  and from there, communicate only what you need to say. The subsequent paragraphs should include information that gives your reader a full understanding of your objective(s) but avoid meandering sentences and needlessly long words. Again, keep it concise to sustain their attention. Enjoy writing your letters, and use the examples above to help you with the formatting if you do get stuck. Your Step by Step Recap Formatting a business letter correctly might seem a bit daunting, especially if you’ve never or rarely written this type of letter before – perhaps you’re applying for a job for the first time, for instance, and writing a covering letter. Here’s a quick recap of what we’ve covered, so you can use it as a handy checklist: Step #1: Decide Whether You’re Using â€Å"Full Block Format† or â€Å"Modified Block Format†. Try not to mix-and-match between these. Remember, full block format (with everything left-justified) is the more formal of the two styles – but these days, modified block format (with some elements shifted over to the right) is fine for most contexts. Step #2: Include Your Address Your address should go on the left for full block format and on the right for modified block format. Don’t right-justify the text – tab across. Step #3: Include the Date The date should go directly after your address, and should be left-justified whatever format you’re using. Write it like this: â€Å"May 15, 2008†. Step #4: Potentially Include a Reference Line If you’re corresponding with a large company or if you’ve been asked to include a specific reference number in your letter, type â€Å"Re:† then the reference line. If you’re using a reference line, omit the subject line. Step #5: Include the Recipient’s Name and Address This should be left-justified, whatever format you use. It’s important to include their full name as well as the address in case the letter becomes separated from the envelope (which it usually will in a large office). If you’re using a window envelope, make sure the recipient’s name and address are positioned to appear within the window. Step #6: Include the Greeting The greeting, sometimes called the salutation, should be followed by a colon. (E.g. â€Å"Dear Mr Jones:†) It should always be left-justified. Step #7: Consider Including a Subject Line The subject line is optional, but it’s become increasingly common practice. Your subject line should show the recipient, at a glance, what your letter is about. It can be left-justified or centered in modified block format. Step #8: Write the Letter Itself The text of your letter itself should be left-justified (in all formats) and single-spaced. You should put a blank line between paragraphs, rather than indenting them. Write in an appropriate business-like tone. Step #9: Add an Appropriate Closing Close your letter with a phrase like â€Å"Yours sincerely† (a safe formal option) or â€Å"Best regards† (a good option for someone who you already know). Follow this with a comma. Step #10: Add Your Name Leave a blank space for your signature, then type your name at the end of the letter. If appropriate, you can put your job title and company name on the line beneath your name. US Business Letter Quiz Select the correct answer for each of these questions about business letters. 1. Which business letter format has all elements of the letter left-justified? Modified block format Which format has all elements of the letter left-justified? 2. What should your greeting be followed by? A colon A semi-colon 3. Should you include the recipients name and address? Yes No 4. In the body of your letter, how should you mark the end of one paragraph and the start of the next? With an indentation With a blank line Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Business Writing category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:Masters Degree or Master's Degree?50 Synonyms for â€Å"Idea†How to Style Legislative Terms

The Economic Advantages and Disadvantages of the UK Remaining in the Assignment

The Economic Advantages and Disadvantages of the UK Remaining in the EU - Assignment Example The UK has an important role in enhancing the EU's strength through its vast economic power that it has earned through its wide range of industrial-commercial and socio-cultural environmental factors (Jones, 2007). Its EU membership has, however, been cited to be one-sided, and thus has been termed detrimental to the region’s economy. The EU's total contribution to the improvement of Britains economy compared to the UK economy contribution is less significant. As a result, a referendum on opting out of our remaining in the EU for British citizens has been proposed as required by the EU (De Waele, 2005). Britain’s continued membership of the EU is very beneficial in terms of trade as it provides the UK with one of the largest single markets for its products. However, the costs seem to surpass the benefits. For instance, since 1979, Britain has paid about â‚ ¬260 billion to the EU and only received â‚ ¬97 back in benefits (De Waele, 2005). The essay examines why it is more beneficial for the UK to opt out of the EU than it is detrimental to the region’s economy. The exit of the UK from the EU zone is more beneficial to the region’s economic growth and development than it is detrimental to the economy. The UK spends ridiculously large amounts of money in the EU in terms of membership fees and other â€Å"hidden tariff† costs paid by the UK taxpayers due to red tape, waste, fraud and other factors. For instance, in 2014/15, a net payment of  £8.6 billion out of a total  £731 billion in public spending was paid into the EU budget by the UK (â€Å"UK Budget†, 2015). The amount of the money is far much less than the contribution the UK makes towards the development of roads and railways, which is  £5.2 billion and  £3 billion respectively. It also surpasses the jobseekers’ allowances that amounts to  £4.9 billion (â€Å"UK Budget†, 2015).

Apple Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words - 6

Apple - Essay Example There are also problems of transit from country to country caused by manufacturing and logistics of different countries. Economic factors are more inclined in the differences in currency of different countries which manufacture and assemble its technological software sector. After recession, most of the economic conditions of the countries involved improved significantly; however, this came with the increase in the prices of oil and consequently inflation. This inflation hit most global markets reducing the purchasing power of the consumers. As such, most of its technological software was considered a luxury as most of the consumers were unwilling to buy them. Furthermore, USA and Europe which are the major operators of Apple Inc. experience high rates of unemployment recently which reduced the sales of their technological products. The volatility of the currency exchange rate between countries makes the economic condition very unpredictable. There is a global call for all the manufacturing companies to produce products which are recyclable if not biodegradable. This move is propelled by many Environmental protection and Health & Safety initiatives and organizations which impose regulations and laws of environmental protection. This has been the fate of many countries where Apple operates and thus it affects its production by raining its production costs. This is unfavorable to the financial conditions of the company. Europe and Canada are some of the most hit areas which have been affected as the regulations require production of recyclable products. Technology is not static and thus requires Apple to be on the lookout for new and improved models. The fast technological changes coupled with the intense competition especially in the smart phone industry causes Apple to spend a lot of money on improving the quality of their products. This involves massive research and developed especially given the short nature of

Management Information System Essay Example for Free

Management Information System Essay Organizations and Information Systems * Information technology and organizations influence one another * Complex relationship influenced by organization’s structure, business processes, politics, culture, environment, and management decisions The Two-Way Relationship between Organizations and Information Technology This complex two-way relationship is mediated by many factors, not the least of which are the decisions made—or not made—by managers. Other factors mediating the relationship include the organizational culture, structure, politics, business processes, and environment. What is an organization? * Technical definition: * Stable, formal social structure that takes resources from environment and processes to produce outputs. * A formal legal entity with internal rules and procedures, as well as a social structure * Behavioral definition: * A collection of rights, privileges, obligations, and responsibilities that is delicately balanced over a period of time through conflict and conflict resolution The Technical Microeconomic Definition of the Organization In the microeconomic definition of organizations, capital and labor (the primary production factors provided by the environment) are transformed by the firm through the production process into products and services (outputs to the environment). The products and services are consumed by the environment, which supplies additional capital and labor as inputs in the feedback loop. Figure 3-2 The Behavioral View of Organizations The behavioral view of organizations emphasizes group relationships, values, and structures. Figure 3-3 * Features of organizations * All modern organizations share some characteristics, such as: * Use of hierarchical structure * Accountability, authority in system of impartial decision-making * Adherence to principle of efficiency * Other features include: Routines and business processes and organizational politics, culture, environments and structures * Routines and business processes * Routines (standard operating procedures) Precise rules, procedures, and practices developed to cope with virtually all expected situations * Business processes: Collections of routines * Business firm: Collection of business processes Routines, Business Processes, and Firms All organizations are composed of individual routines and behaviors, a collection of which make up a business process. A collection of business processes make up the business firm. New information system applications require that individual routines and business processes change to achieve high levels of organizational p erformance. Figure 3-4 * Organizational politics * Divergent viewpoints lead to political struggle, competition, and conflict * Political resistance greatly hampers organizational change * Organizational culture: * Encompasses set of assumptions that define goal and product * What products the organization should produce * How and where it should be produced * For whom the products should be produced * May be powerful unifying force as well as restraint on change * Organizational environments: Organizations and environments have a reciprocal relationship * Organizations are open to, and dependent on, the social and physical environment * Organizations can influence their environments * Environments generally change faster than organizations * Information systems can be instrument of environmental scanning, act as a lens Environments and Organizations Have a Reciprocal Relationship Environments shape what organizations can do, but organizations can influence their environments and decide to chang e environments altogether. Information technology plays a critical role in helping organizations perceive environmental change and in helping organizations act on their environment. Figure 3-5 * Organizational structure * Five basic kinds of structure * Entrepreneurial: Small start-up business * Machine bureaucracy: Midsize manufacturing firm * Divisional zed bureaucracy: Fortune 500 firms * Professional bureaucracy: Law firms, school systems, hospitals * Adhocracy: Consulting firms * Other Organizational Features * Goals * Constituencies * Leadership styles * Tasks Surrounding environments How Information Systems Impact Organizations and Business Firms * Economic impacts * IT changes relative costs of capital and the costs of information * Information systems technology is a factor of production, like capital and labor * IT affects the cost and quality of information and changes economics of information * Information technology helps firms contract in size because it can reduce transaction costs (the cost of participating in markets). Outsourcing expands * Transaction cost theory Firms seek to economize on cost of participating in market (transaction costs) * IT lowers market transaction costs for firm, making it worthwhile for firms to transact with other firms rather than grow the number of employees The Transaction Cost Theory of the Impact of Information Technology on the Organization Firms traditionally grew in size to reduce transaction costs. IT potentially reduces the costs for a given size, shifting the transaction cost curve inward, opening up the possibility of revenue growth without increasing size, or even revenue growth accompanied by shrinking size. Figure 3-6 * Agency theory: * Firm is nexus of contracts among self-interested parties requiring supervision * Firms experience agency costs (the cost of managing and supervising) which rise as firm grows * IT can reduce agency costs, making it possible for firms to grow without adding to the costs of supervising, and without adding employees The Agency Cost Theory of the Impact of Information Technology on the Organization As firms grow in size and complexity, traditionally they experience rising agency costs. IT shifts the agency cost curve down and to the right, enabling firms to increase size while lowering agency costs. Figure 3-7 * Organizational and behavioral impacts * IT flattens organizations * Decision-making pushed to lower levels * Fewer managers needed (IT enables faster decision-making and increases span of control) * Postindustrial organizations * Organizations flatten because in postindustrial societies, authority increasingly relies on knowledge and competence rather than formal positions Flattening Organizations Information systems can reduce the number of levels in an organization by providing managers with information to supervise larger numbers of workers and by giving lower-level employees more decision-making authority. Figure 3-8 * Organizational resistance to change * Information systems become bound up in organizational politics because they influence access to a key resource information * Information systems potentially change an organization’s structure, culture, politics, and work * Most common reason for failure of large projects is due to organizational amp; political resistance to change Organizational Resistance and the Mutually Adjusting Relationship between Technology and the Organization Implementing information systems has consequences for task arrangements, structures, and people. According to this model, to implement change, all four components must be changed simultaneously. Figure 3-9 * The Internet and organizations * The Internet increases the accessibility, storage, and distribution of information and knowledge for organizations * The Internet can greatly lower transaction and agency costs * E. g.

Epic of Beowulf Essay - Wiglaf :: Epic of Beowulf Essay

Beowulf: Wiglaf Wiglaf, along with Beowulf’s other warriors, watches Beowulf initiation his battle against the dragon.   When the fight seems to be turning against Beowulf, however, all of the warriors except Wiglaf -flee.   Wiglaf’s purpose in the poem, however , is more than simply someone to help Beowulf.   Wiglaf is the model of a good warrior, and as a good warrior, Wiglaf demonstrates the importance of heroism to society and the necessity of loyalty to one’s kinsman and lord.   He is willing to saccrifice his life to reciprocate the gifts which he received from his lord, but even more important, he symbolizes the need for cooperation between warrior and lord in order to preserve society against overwhelming odds Wiglaf also demonstrates the responsibility of the good warrior, a contrast to the cowardly warriors, who represent all that sciet shoud not emulate.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚     After Beowulf’s Battle with the dragon, Wiglaf reprimands the warrioirs who fled.   Such cowardice, he says, reveals a national weakness and is an invitation for their enemies to attack.   Wiglaf reminds them that the loss of Beowulf means no more gifts, a loss of land rights and everything that makes life joyous. Wiglaf emphasizes that death is preferable to a life without a lord; without a lord, man is adrift in a hostile world.   During Beowulf’s battle with the dragon, the poet tells us that Beowulf is not "undoomed", and after the battle during Wiglaf’s attempt to revive the old Warrioir, the poet reminds us that God not only has the power to preserve heroes in battle, but also to take life from them.   He is saying at times, God dispenses victories, and at other times heroes lose their lives. Here, Beowulf loses his life. God allows Beowulf to avenge himself against the dragon an d fight the good fight, but we must always remember a key idea of the heroic code: a hero mustfight- even thoughhe knows that he fights against fate.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Although Wiglaf is only a young warrior when he inherits the kingdom, heknows that the cowardice of the Geats will lead to their downfall. Other tribes who hear about the warrior’s failure to protect their king will surely swarm down upon them, hoping to take revenge for past hostilities.   In short, Wiglaf is a doomed man.   Hw has inherited a longstanding feud, and he must lead a people who seem inable or unwillingly to fight.

Environmental Pollution by Cars Essay

Environmental issues have become a major concern in recent years. With global warming and climate change topping the agenda of many environmental groups and NGOs, it is hard for government as well as the general public to ignore the fact that our planet is changing rapidly. As a result of mass-scale industrialization and a rapid shift in lifestyles over the past century, the resources of our planet have been stretched to the limit. This situation will not only lead to a shortage of certain precious resources, including fresh water and food, in the years to come but will lead to a considerable rise in pollution. Carbon emissions produced by automobiles, airplanes and industrial equipment are the primary source of pollution world over. However, it is the consumption of energy by households and automobiles that make the major contribution towards the world’s carbon footprint (Cast 24). With United States being the largest economy and the most developed nation, it is no surprise that we are the largest polluters on earth. It is therefore imperative for us to lead by example and take some action in order to reduce our contribution towards global pollution. This essay will discuss whether it is possible to reduce fuel consumption by cars and if there are any alternative sources of energy for cars. (Cast 35) Fuel Consumption by Cars: As mentioned earlier, automobiles are one of the largest fuel consumers and therefore are a major contributor towards pollution. For this particular reason, environmental groups and even governments in some countries have been encouraging people to minimize the use of private transport and use other alternatives such as public transport, cycling, telecommuting etc (Cast 39). It should however be noted that not all alternatives to private transportation suit the needs of individuals and therefore it is very likely people will continue to use private transportation. A more practical approach towards the reduction of fuel consumption therefore will be to switch to relatively environmentally friendly sources of energy (Cast 39). The electric car has long been presented as a true alternative to the vehicles that use an internal combustion engine. It utilizes chemical energy stored in batteries and emits little or zero carbon. Not only are these vehicles environmentally friendly but is also fuel efficient. Proponents of electric vehicles also argue that the cost of producing electric vehicles is much lower than standard vehicles (Boschert 90). The only pitfall with electric cars is that currently there are only limited cars available in the market that can be considered purely electrical. Major automobile manufacturers have been accused of trying to block the progress on this front. It is also important to note that whatever progress has been made for the development of electric cars, there are not sophisticated enough models available in the market to meet the demands of the customers or to compete with the standard products. Until that level of sophistication is achieved, it will not be possible for the electrical car models to replace their standard counterparts. It should also be noted that to make a transition from an ICE vehicle dominated market to a zero-emission vehicle market, proper infrastructure for the supply of electrical batteries will have to be developed. (Boschert 97-102) The new breed of hybrid vehicles, introduced by some leading automobile manufacturers such as Toyota and Ford, is a rather practical solution to the problem. Not only they allow consumers to make a rather smooth transition from carbon fuel consumption to electric fuel but also offer the features and benefits offered by the standard models (Boschert 140). Hybrid electric vehicles are also more durable as compared to ICEs and are more energy efficient. Market statistics indicate that HEVs are a more favourable option as compared to pure electric vehicles. With Toyota and Honda leading the market in the HEV sector other major players are also entering this arena including Audi, Nissan, Lexus and Ford. It should however be noted that production of Hybrid vehicles is more costly and therefore they are more expensive. However, with countries introducing legislations concerning the environment and introducing subsidies for environmentally friendly vehicles, this is likely to change in the years to come. (Boschert 151) Criticism of ‘Green Cars’: Although, going green sounds to be the next big thing not only for car makers but also a number of other manufacturing organizations, there has been some level of opposition to this new wave of environmental obsession. Organizations tied to major oil revenues are one of the major opponent who argue that a radical shift to ‘greener’ cars will damage the economy and will lead to a considerable loss of jobs in certain sectors. It is also argued that electric vehicles or HEVs still have some environmental impact and are not completely emission-free as is usually argued. In addition to this, electric or hybrid cars are also more costly, hence making them an unfavourable choice for the consumer. (Boschert 211) Conclusion: The rapid change in our environment demands that we take immediate action. One of the areas that we need to address in this respect is to reduce the consumption of planet’s resources and to minimize the carbon footprint produced by us. As automobiles are one of the major producers of carbon emission, automobile manufacturers are investing considerable resources in development of environmentally friendly products.However, they still have a long way to go and a considerable level of development has to be made. Work Cited Cast, C. Vance. â€Å"Where Does Pollution Come From? † Barron’s Educational Series April, 1994. http://www. amazon. com/Where-Does-Pollution-Clever-Calvin/dp/0812015711/ref=sr_1_13? ie=UTF8&s=books&qid=1207538767&sr=8-13 Boschert, Sherry. â€Å"Plug-in Hybrids: The Cars that will Recharge America†, New Society Publishers December, 2006 http://www. amazon. com/Plug-Hybrids-CarsRechargeAmerica/dp/0865715718/ref=sr_1_8_s9_rk? ie=UTF8&s=books&s9r=8a585b4317a113eb0117a8105c020138&itemPosition=8&qid=1207538919&sr=1-8

Revolution on British government and society Essay

It is not so much the events of 1688 that constitute a revolution as the subsequent changes in the constitution that show a transformation in the nature and ideology of government. There was no internal uprising, no civil war and most importantly, the succession of William of Orange and his wife Mary to the English throne was authorised by a Convention, acting in lieu of parliament in the absence of King James II. Indeed it could be argued that this was not a revolution at all, if James’ departure is to be interpreted as his abdication. Contemporaries, keen to replace the unpopular, Catholic monarch with a man who was seen as a deliverer from popery and slavery, reasoned as such. In actual fact James never did renounce his claim to the throne. Fleeing London in the dead of night, he took with him The Great Seal, traditionally held by the monarch and dropped it in the Thames and he burnt the writs that were to call anew parliament. He would later attempt to recapture his crown, rallying support in Ireland to prepare for an invasion that was to fail. But whether or not this dynastic change, made by those who, in theory, did not have the authority to do so, is enough to deserve the title revolution, what cannot be denied is that this marks the end of the era of the absolute monarch. William’s Declaration of Rights, which was to become statute within a year, echoed Lockean ideas of sovereignty, supporting a parliament that was to keep check on the authority of the monarch and protecting â€Å"Rights and Liberties† of the people. No King or Queen thereafter would be able to rule as James or Charles had done before them. In the years following the revolution a system of government working through the authority of the executive Privy Council and the houses of Lords and commons, headed by the monarch soon evolved into a working body that formed the basis of what we still have for government today. By the 1720s the way Britain is ruled had been turned around, but the changes cannot be solely accredited to the events of 1688. When William invaded England he had European motives at heart. He was keen to avoid a union of France and England that would be a threat to the Protestants of the Northern and Germanic lands. He was aware of James’ unpopularity as a Catholic ruler of an overwhelmingly Protestant nation and he sought to take advantage of this to try and win allies. He expected to meet with resistance and had prepared and army of troops, but James’ was deserted by the little support he had to begin with in the face of danger, eventually even by his closest advisors and his own sister. William toured England for four weeks, propagandising himself as a saviour from James’ â€Å"evil counsellors,† who had challenged the â€Å"laws, liberties, customs and religion† and wanted to revive Catholicism. He arrived in London and in the absence of the monarch the city was occupied and ordered by his Dutch soldiers while a decision could be reached. It is important to remember that William never independently laid any claim to the throne; he had expected to meet resistance in England. He aimed to battle against what he saw as a catholic threat, which he was careful to stress as being on the part of James’ advisors and not the King himself, and although the impact that this revolution had was profound, it was not all part of a pre-ordained plan. What followed was an immediate crisis. The capital was under the order of foreign troops and the King had deserted. It forced the political nation to examine the constitution and find a solution. A Convention was called and a vote was taken to offer the throne to William and his wife Mary, daughter of the departed king on January 22nd 1689, only a month after James’ departure. It was a hasty political decision, pressure was felt by the presence of Dutch troops, but there was also a Protestant fear of James gathering support and returning, or claims being laid for his infant son, whom he had taken with him. There was resistance, the House of Lords initially voted against the idea, feeling they had sworn an oath of loyalty to James, that he was still their king, and that such radical action was not right. A monarch is not elective. The theory was that the monarch was granted his authority form God and man was not to meddle with His choice. There was no support for a republic, with the feeling that a firm figurehead was necessary to maintain order and a deep attachment felt for hierarchy and patriarchy. Yet to instate a new monarch seemed in itself to mock the whole principal of monarchy. Under pressure from the Commons and from William and Mary themselves and with no other solution, the Lords were finally swayed, their stance weakened by internal disunity and mistrust. Interpretation of the finer details of the theory of monarchy and nuances of vocabulary played and important role in this unique revolution, which, on the whole, was met with popular support. William and Mary had been put on the throne as an alternative to James II. Parliament had granted them this privilege and they were willing to allow parliament a more active role in government. The revolution had been almost ad hoc and there was sparse new ideology to implement, the Convention drawn up by parliament was effectively a reaction to the way in which both Charles II and James II had ruled and a call to protect the people’s â€Å"ancient and indubitable rights. † It was more of a written version of what was previously expected behaviour with little fundamental change to the relationship between legislative and executive powers specified. But William had to accept this as a code of practise from his parliament, recognising that even if the monarch had popularity and capability, he needed to work through the legislative powers. The monarch was required to call parliament to session, but this would be inevitable as William was only granted a year’s revenue. Parliament had the authority to oversee all public expenditure and so the monarch would always be dependant on them. Changes to the structure of government took effect gradually during the years following the revolution, but from the start the role of parliament was augmented, which initiated subsequent developments. They met for much longer sessions than before 1688, enabling a great deal more legislation to be passed, and allowing for Bills to be more thoroughly debated. Much of the legislation passed was still local or occasional in essence, such as permission to build a workhouse, but although this could be viewed as undermining the revolutionary nature of parliament’s more prominent role, the fact that MPs were more available to take action on their electorate’s specific grievances, helped to ease the frictions between local and executive power as the nation’s political make-up was evolving. Although from a modern perspective these changes are viewed as progressing towards a more rational system of government, during the late seventeenth and early eighteenth centuries, people were often concerned about social stability which they believed was at risk with so much legal development. It was a commonly held view that life should be stable and predictable. People wanted to feel sure of their position, their income and their king and government. In an era where the poor always risked slipping into poverty after a bad harvest, increasing involvement in foreign warfare and frequent changes in the government, questions were raised about the permanence of law, and whether Common Laws of liberty and property, viewed by many as sacred, were at risk. But at court the belief that good government was upheld by frequent parliament, against the weakness of individual MPs or encroachment by the monarch led to the Triennial Act of 1694, limiting parliament to three years. Elections were held on average every two years and there were various amendments and contests in between. This Act was later replaced and the time extended to seven years, the advisors to the king often too easily influenced elections proved costly and short-lived parliaments. The Act shows parliament as uncertain of its own role, and is an example of a developing government that was evolving along its own path in the years following the revolution, more caused by what the revolution’s changes allowed rather than what they intended. The development of the two key political parties, the Whigs and the Tories is another feature of this evolution of government. With three active parts to the government all being of equally weighted importance, and more frequent changes of personnel in parliament, there was more of a need than ever for politicians to associate themselves with a certain ideology and for Lords and MPs to support each other to push through Bills. William himself wanted to remain above the level of party, which he did, and indeed, there were members of parliament, more so in the House of Lords who chose to be independent and cast their vote on issues individually. But the solidarity of party was the most effective way of getting laws passed and King George himself, not many years later, was aligned with the Whigs, who although in the days of the revolution had been in favour of political progression, now came of as the monarchical party and there were suspicions of Jacobinism in the Tories. Religion was still a very important factor in politics, despite the Act of Toleration in 1689, which allowed non-Anglican Protestants to swear allegiance to the throne. There was still a widely held belief that religious homogony was key to social stability, but it had been the clergy that had shown the most resistance to William taking the crown, and with no clear heir in line for the throne the problem of succession and the possibility of a Jacobite up-rising prompted him, a Calvinist himself, to attempt to include Protestant minorities, especially those in Scotland and Ireland. Although the law did not make any exception for Catholics or Quakers, it did encourage a sense of tolerance that was benefited by both groups. The Quakers would be later allowed the right to practise in legalised meetinghouses, but Catholics still posed a threat, especially in Ireland, where the population was largely Catholic. After the Revolution, James had attempted to reclaim his throne, starting in Ireland, arranging support from France for the Catholic cause. But James lacked the leadership and resolve that he met in William when they met at battle in Derry and Enniskillen and he again escaped to France. The so-called â€Å"bloodless revolution† may have been so in England, but in both Ireland and Scotland the transition was not so smooth. Civil war in Ireland exhausted James’ supporters into defeat and in Scotland a series of â€Å"highland wars† lasted around five months in 1691, which initially started as a Jacobite up rising. William found Scotland impossible to manage. Although not dominated by Catholics, it was not predominantly Anglican either and James had more support here because of his family’s close ties with Scotland. In the years following the Revolution, Scotland was only reluctantly part of Britain. She had her own laws and traditions, presided over by a Scottish parliament in Edinburgh, which declared even further independence with the abolition of the Lord of Articles, further undermining control from Westminster and making Scotland appear more of a threat. William would not be able to exert his Royal will through Edinburgh. But following a bad harvest in 1695, with many dying of hunger or fleeing to Ulster, Scotland realised the benefits of a closer union with England to involve herself in England’s efficient internal trade and lucrative colonial empire. The Act of union came into effect in 1707, dissolving the parliament in Edinburgh and instating peers and MPs from Scotland at Westminster. In England, the union provoked little reaction, but in Scotland it was bitterly opposed by many. Problems within Scotland were often a result of internal social divisions, most markedly between the highland clans and their more anglicised lowland neighbours, who had seen the union as a way to improve Scotland’s economy. The death of Queen Anne in 1714 proved a difficult start for the union. The question was raised of the possible succession of her Catholic half brother, but with the Act of Settlement from 1701 forbidding any non-Protestant to sit on the throne, the Crown was inherited by George I. He faced a Jacobite uprising within the year, but his reign is largely characterised as a time of peace and relative stability after the turbulent post-revolutionary years. The Glorious Revolution had seemed on the surface to be swift, decisive and painless, yet the principals of change that as Burke claimed justified it as a revolution took years to really take shape. By the time of King George the role of monarch had been dramatically reviewed, no longer seen as a ruler from God, but as a figure head for a nation governed by a system of parliament, which relied on the mutual dependency of the two houses and the executive to abide by a sense of appropriate behaviour. Queen Anne was the last to use the Royal veto, something much exploited by the monarchs before 1688, the workings of parliament and the Privy Council had become more regular and thorough and a system of party politics had developed. The characters of William, Anne and George, who all failed to immerse themselves in domestic affaires and the extraordinary calibre of ministers at work during this time, perhaps eased the transition but it still remains that, while the revolution of 1688 had a profound and lasting impact on British society and government, the relationship worked both ways. The practical workings of British society and government were what moulded the developments after the revolution, developments that justified the glorious revolution to be called as such.

3 Cases of Misuse of Dashes

3 Cases of Misuse of Dashes 3 Cases of Misuse of Dashes 3 Cases of Misuse of Dashes By Mark Nichol In each of the following sentences, dashes are erroneously employed, resulted in confused sentences. Discussion following each example explains the problem, and one or more revisions illustrate solutions. 1. When driving long distances- know that children get restless. A dash is not applicable when one clause naturally follows another. â€Å"Know that children get restless† does not abruptly break from the subordinate clause that precedes it, so a comma suffices here: â€Å"When driving long distances, know that children get restless.† 2. Few banks can afford their customer experiences to plateau for long before customers with ever-increasing expectations choose to do business with a competitor- or worse- with a disruptive market entrant. â€Å"Or worse† is treated here as a parenthetical phrase but is not intended as one. Because what follows the first dash signals a syntactical break, only that first dash is called for. In addition, because worse, on its own, is parenthetical to the phrase â€Å"or with a disruptive market tenant,† it should be bracketed by punctuation, but two mere commas suffice (and a pair of dashes would confuse in proximity to the preceding one): â€Å"Few banks can afford their customer experiences to plateau for long before customers with ever-increasing expectations choose to do business with a competitor- or, worse, with a disruptive market entrant.† 3. Some features predicted in this article- like seat belts- became ubiquitous, while others- like braking distance indicated on speedometers- never caught on. As mentioned in the discussion for the previous example, employing one or two dashes more than once in a given sentence can be confusing, as readers see several phrases separated by the dashes with no indication of syntactical hierarchy, so avoid doing so: â€Å"Some features predicted in this article, like seat belts, became ubiquitous, while others, like braking distance indicated on speedometers, never caught on.† If two complementary phrases, such as those specifying examples in the original sentence, are going to be used parenthetically, the pairs of punctuation marks must be identical to indicate their equivalence. However, in this case, because a comma already exists in the sentence, the sentence organization is still muddled (and the statement is crowded with commas), so it is more helpful to the reader to frame the two examples in parentheses: â€Å"Some features predicted in this article (like seat belts) became ubiquitous, while others (like braking distance indicated on speedometers) never caught on.† Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Punctuation category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:30 Religious Terms You Should KnowRunning Amok or Running Amuck?Shore It Up

What Is Pre-Med Key Requirements for Medical School

What Is Pre-Med Key Requirements for Medical School SAT / ACT Prep Online Guides and Tips What is pre-med? When people say that they’re pre-med, what does that actually mean? If you’re planning to attend med school and become a doctor, it’s important that you understand the definition of pre-med and what you should be doing as a pre-med student. Read on to learn what it really means to be a pre-med, what you should be focusing on to get into med school, and what the best majors for pre-meds are and why. What Does Pre-Med Mean? "Pre-med" is the term people use to show that they want to go to med school and are taking the classes they need to get there. It’s primarily used by college students. There isn’t actually a major called "pre-med;" pre-med is just a term to let people know you have plans to be a doctor. You can be a biology major and a pre-med, a Spanish major and a pre-med, etc. Students say that they’re pre-med to let others know about their career goals and to make sure they’re taking the correct classes to get into med school. If you tell your advisor that you’re a biology major, she’ll focus on making sure you get all the requirements for that major completed, but if you let her know that you’re a biology major and also pre-med, she’ll work with you to also ensure you take all the classes needed to apply to med school. Similarly, if you’re applying to jobs or volunteer positions and state that you’re a pre-med, the people looking at applications will know that you plan on becoming a doctor, and they may be more likely to offer you a position that’s related to the medical field. What Do You Need to Get Into Med School? Once you’ve decided to be pre-med, your main focus will be preparing yourself to get into med school. Med schools are infamous for being competitive and only accepting the best, so you’ll want to be well prepared. In this section we’ll discuss all key things you need to get into med school. Classes As a pre-med, one of your most important responsibilities will be making sure you take all the prerequisite coursework required for med school. Each med school has slightly different requirements, so you should absolutely make sure you research each med school you’re interested in early on as a college student to make sure you’re on track to meet all their requirements. In general though, most med schools expect you to have taken the following classes: One year of biology with lab One year of general chemistry with lab One year of organic chemistry with lab One year of physics with lab At least one semester of biochemistry A math requirement (some schools require calculus, some require statistics, some require both) One year of English Remember, these are just the bare minimum of classes you need to meet basic requirements for med schools. You’ll likely need to take significantly more classes to meet the requirements for your major and fulfill the requirements/recommendations of all the med schools you’re applying to. Also remember that because med schools are so competitive, you never want to stop at just the bare minimum. You want to show med schools that you’re motivated to learn as much about the health field as you can and that you’ll be entering med school with a strong knowledge in a variety of subjects. Expect to take several science classes each semester in order to be fully prepared for med school. Examples of other classes you might take include genetics, public health, ethics, microbiology, human physiology, psychology, sociology, writing classes, and foreign language classes, to name a few. Test Scores The MCAT is the exam pre-meds take. Much like you did with the SAT/ACT, you’ll send your MCAT scores to med schools to show them your mastery of different subject areas. The MCAT is a 7.5 hour test that includes four sections: Biological and Biochemical Foundations of Living Systems; Chemical and Physical Foundations of Biological Systems; Psychological, Social, and Biological Foundations of Behavior; and Critical Analysis and Reasoning Skills. The average score on the MCAT is 500 (out of a total of 528 points), and the average score for students accepted into med school is around a 509, so you should aim for at least that. Health-Related Extracurriculars Almost every med school will expect you to have some sort of scientific research experience and/or experience volunteering at a hospital or other medical setting. This shows them you’re committed to becoming a doctor and have the skills it takes to succeed as one. Letters of Recommendation You may have needed letters of recommendation when you applied to college, and they’re important for med school too. You’ll likely need at least three letters of rec when you apply, often two from science teachers and one from a non-science teacher. What Are the Best Pre-Med Majors? There are a small number of colleges who offer actual pre-med majors, but those programs tend to not be very strong (no major university offers an actual major called "pre-med"), and med schools aren't particularly impressed by these degrees since, as mentioned above, any major can be pre-med as long as you take the classes required to go to med school. According to the Association of American Medical Colleges, just a little over half of all students applying to med school majored in the biological sciences. The others majored in a variety of areas, including humanities, math, social sciences, and physical sciences. Additionally, med school applicants who majored in biological sciences, on average, didn’t score any higher on the MCAT than students who majored in other areas. So what you major in doesn’t necessarily determine how well you’ll do on the MCAT. So if you’re pre-med and wondering what to major in, the best advice is to choose a major that you’re interested in and think you can do well in while completing all the pre-med requirements. However, there are some majors that are much more popular among pre-med students than others. Below are five of the best pre-med majors. Each of them will help give you the skills needed to succeed in med school and as a doctor. We consider these the best because they match the closest with pre-med requirements. This makes it easier for you to meet all your pre-med requirements and ensures you get a solid background in subjects doctors need to be masters in. Majoring in a different area, say, Russian Literature, isn’t necessarily a bad idea, but you may find it difficult to complete both your Russian Literature major requirements and pre-med requirements in four years. Human Biology If there was one major that you’d call the unofficial pre-med major, it’d be human biology. At many schools it’s the most common major for pre-meds to take because it focuses heavily on many of the subjects you’ll study as a med student. You’ll take classes in a variety of subjects, but the focus will be on the human body and human health. You may take classes in genetics, human physiology, and neurobiology, among other areas. Biology Biology is another solid choice for pre-meds, especially if your school doesn’t offer a Human Biology major and/or you want more a general biology background rather than focusing more specifically on human bodies. You’ll learn plenty about human health as a biology major, but you’ll also likely take classes in other areas such as ecology, evolution and/or microbiology. Psychology Many pre-meds major in psychology, especially those planning on becoming psychiatrists. However, psychology is a useful major regardless of what type of doctor you want to be since every medical professional can benefit from studying how humans think, make decisions, and react to different situations. Chemistry/Biochemistry The biological sciences are most popular with pre-meds, but you’ll also need to know a lot of chemistry as a pre-med and a med student. There’s an entire chemistry section on the MCAT, so it’s definitely an important subject to know. Philosophy Although it’s not a hard science, a strong knowledge of philosophy can be very helpful to pre-meds. You’ll learn about ethics and how to think critically, both of which are important for people in the medical field. Philosophy is a good choice if you want to be prepared for medical school but also get more of a liberal arts education. Summary What is pre-med? "Pre-med" is a term college students use to show that they plan on attending med school and are taking the right classes to do that. There are no official pre-med majors; instead students who are pre-med can major in whatever subject they want and just take the classes needed to apply to med school. There are multiple pre-med requirements needed to get into med school. The most important of these are the classes you take. Each med school has its own requirements, but you can expect to take at least one year of biology, general chemistry, organic chemistry, and physics (all with labs), along with biochemistry, math, and English classes. There is really no "best" pre-med majors, but there are some majors that are more popular with pre-med students and make it easier for you to reach pre-med requirements. These include human biology, psychology, biology, and chemistry. What's Next? Want to know what you should be doing right now to prepare for pre-med programs? Check out our complete guide on how to prepare for pre-med in high school. We also recommend the 7 books every pre-med student should read in this article. If you’re still figuring out whether a career as a physician is right for you, think about getting some hands-on experience. You may not think there’s much you can do as a high school student, but there is! Start by shadowing a physician, and check out our guide to 59 great med programs for students in high school. What's after med school? Check out our guide on the seven steps to becoming a doctor to see what you'll need to do once you're a pre-med. Want to improve your SAT score by 160 points or your ACT score by 4 points? We've written a guide for each test about the top 5 strategies you must be using to have a shot at improving your score. Download it for free now:

Preservation of the cut flowers Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Preservation of the cut flowers - Essay Example In most of the cases, people just store these flowers in water, which is absolutely not enough if the purpose is to keep those flowers healthy for a long time. Thus, the technique of growing plants, cutting the flower and the medium used to store them are important in order to store flowers for a longer time. In this experiment, two factors were more closely studied, a) Nutrition in the water, b) pH of the water. Floral plants are grown indoors, in a garden or for floral farming. These plants need to be handled very gently. Their nutritional requirements need to be taken care of in order to get very good quality flowers. Various factors that need to be considered while growing plants are soil, temperature, light, watering and fertilizer. A good care of the plants will results in a better production of flowers. Flowers are cut from plants for two main reasons, a) to promote more flowering on the plants, b) to make a floral bouquet. In this project the focus is mainly on the science behind the preservation of the cut flowers. There are four main factors that play an important role in the storage of flowers they are as follows. Temperature is a critical factor. Photosynthesis in plants occurs from sunlight, carbon dioxide and water to produce sugars. Sugar undergoes respiration to produce energy. This energy is then utilized to produce a flower. Thus higher the respiration faster is the flower development and faster is its death. The rate of respiration is directly proportional to the temperature. Thus, higher the temperature, higher is the respiration rate. This is the reason why flowers are usually stored in lower temperature.

Describe with NAMED examples, the potential risks and benefits Essay

Describe with NAMED examples, the potential risks and benefits involved in the use of genetic manipulation of plants to improve yields of species of agronomic - Essay Example e this problem by modifying plants altering its genetic make up through genetic engineering producing a desired trait they wanted to resolve world economic problem. They are now producing variety that are high yielding , resistant to drought, insect pest and disease resistant, saline and water logged resistant, weed and pesticide tolerant and even improve the its nutritional value. Coupled with these discoveries, there are some potential risks in genetic modification (GM) in plants that are harmful both human and mother earth. In Human, some GM products would cause allergies as a result of new unidentified proteins gene transferred into unrelated organisms (Campaign Web site) that may create new allergen that causes an allergic reaction in susceptible individuals (GMO Web site). Bernstein, et. al. (cited GMO Website) reported that allergic reactions in human occur when a normally harmless protein enters the body and stimulates an immune response to proteins. There are reports that any allergic reaction to food can be serious, even life-threatening, and leads to anaphylactic shock (Campaign Website). The consumption of GMO product will increased cancer rates from Bovine Growth Hormone (rBGH). This hormone was injected into cows in order to increase milk production and also human insulin- Like Growth Factor (IGF-1). This IGF-1 was observed to trigger breast, prostate and colon cancer based on reported studies (Environment website). Examples: 3. Bacillus thuringiences (Bt) can be found in corn, potatoes and cotton caused allergic reaction to some people. It will provoke some kind of immunological allergic changes like asthma and other allergic reaction to human based on the study of Ohio crop pickers and handlers as reported in Science News, 1999 (cited Campaign Web site). Second, through genetic modification plants were able to develop Antibiotic Resistance. Plants become resistant to antibiotics when genes that confer antibiotic resistance are inserted

British Economy from November 2008 to november 2010 Coursework

British Economy from November 2008 to november 2010 - Coursework Example These measures were taken as a part of government’s austerity measures in the wake of rising government debt and the widening budget deficit. Some of the measures taken by the government included increase in Value Added Tax, systematic reduction in the general benefits provided to the people as well as reduction in the government expenditure besides taking other measures to ensure that the different macroeconomic objectives are fulfilled. George Osborne, man behind the recent measures taken by the UK government basically attempted to provide a radical program which can ensure that UK’s overall credit rating is improved amid the talks of country’s bankruptcy owing to mountains of debts which country accumulated over the period of time. In this part of the question, a discussion will be provided regarding the overall success of the measures taken by Bank of England and British Government since 2008 till date. Special emphasis will be on measuring and discussing the impact on growth, price stability, unemployment as well as the balance of payments. At the start of the financial crisis in later part of 2007, British Government, attempted to inject money into the system in order to ensure that the institutions do not fail and that the economy remains on the path of recovery after the decline. Bank of England (BoE) drastically reduced the base interest rate in order to stimulate the consumer spending and generate the required level of demand in the economy. During November 2008, Alistair Darling took radical measures to reduce the VAT however; the overall borrowing by the government was increased. Reduction in VAT was aimed at reducing the general price level and ensuring that the people spend so that employment can be generated and aggregate demand can be increased. However, the steps taken by Labor Government, from November 2008, also involved increasing the national insurance contribution as well as the increase in taxes for higher earning individuals.

EU’s Policy for Former Socialist States of Central Europe

EU’s Policy for Former Socialist States of Central Europe Josef Borocz on the Basis of the EU’s Policy Toward Former Socialist States of Central Europe Based on the Legacy of the Cold War Integration of Eastern Bloc states into the European Union (EU) has been markedly slow in comparison to its Western counterparts. Borocz and Larry Woolf assert that the stagnant, near-blocking motion of Western European-dominated organizations such as the EU carries with it a sociological, longue-duree contingent, identified by the historical and intellectual alienation of Eastern Bloc nations as a pervading â€Å"other† as perceived from the Age of Enlightenment. While there is significant merit to this argument, the geopolitical realities facing EU expansion throughout the continent outweigh the human facilities of traditional discrimination. With conflicted parties considering Turkey in the periphery of EU membership, the paradox of exclusion through minimal membership as outlined by Borocz and Woolf lends more toward matters of security and economic development rather than a notion as simplistic as the longue-duree facility of Eastern Europe as the â€Å"other.† Sch olars such as Gale Stokes contend that inclusion of the Eastern Bloc brings more than just European unity, adding the need for new defense strategies as well as trade systems, the incorporation of which would require a degree of phased membership so as not to disrupt the development of existing EU member state economies. After considering both proponent and contrarian arguments to the longue-duree assertions of Borocz and Woolf, it becomes evident that the geopolitical ramifications of full Eastern Bloc integration outweigh the possibility of traditional exclusion. Borocz states firmly that it would be a â€Å"mistake to attribute the European Union’s evident reluctance, condescension, and aversion vis-à  -vis one of its immediate neighbors solely to the recent legacy of the Cold War†[1]. Though the menace of Communism and the burgeoning global influence of the Soviet Union and its satellite contemporaries during the Cold War certainly harvested alienation from the capitalist West, the specter of Eastern Europe as the â€Å"other† existed long before Stalin began the ascension of the USSR as a world superpower. As Woolf states, â€Å"the intellectual structures of half a century are slow to efface themselves, but above all the idea of Eastern Europe is much older than the Cold War,† the distinction between East and West â€Å"produced as a work of cultural creation, intellectual artifice, and ideological self-interest and self-pronunciation†[2]. Borocz agrees, adding that â€Å"as critical work on the histor y of European ideas shows, a rational-Western self-image has produced, since the Enlightenment, the notion of ‘East Europeanness’ [sic] as a rudimentary, ‘rustic’ and low-scale version of itself†[3]. Where France, Germany, and England found themselves exploring philosophy, trade, and science, the common Western perception of the East developed as a darker side of Europe, one bordering the outside forces of Africa and Asia. All this developed despite the military action of nations such as Austria and Spain preventing the further advances of forces such as the Turks and the Moors, arguably leaving the remainder of Europe in the peace required to become â€Å"enlightened.† Such alienation, Woolf argues, gradually pushed Eastern Europe indirectly, lumping its association in such a way that Eastern Europe became an intermediary between Asia and Western Europe. The East was therein belittled further, diminished in intellectual capacity to the perceiv ed â€Å"barbarities† of the non-European world. The concept of the â€Å"East† was therefore manufactured intellectually by Western European nations, a manifestation of alienation due to the proximity to and exchange with non-European countries. Future â€Å"admission of the Hungarian (Polish, Czech, Slovene, etc) society to full membership in European Union as equal [sic] partners would thus require no less than the erasure and re-inscription of an over two-hundred year-old† image of West European identity construction,† a lofty goal to achieve in the relatively small period of time in which deliberation regarding membership would hence occur[4]. The human agent in such an action, the longue-duree proclivities of transcending centuries-old prejudice would therefore â€Å"involve reimagining [sic] the weaker, ignored, belittled scientifically and officially apprehended and described—hence objectified—other as a dynamic, inspiring, lively, a nd exciting partner characterized by a complex subjectivity†[5]. Such an adjustment in policy and personal perception would therefore facilitate the delay Borocz describes in his account of Hungarian attempts at EU membership. Adjustments of the aforementioned type paradoxically are warranted by existing Western European member states, not the Eastern state in question applying for EU membership. Borocz and Woolf speculate on the erstwhile definition of integration into the EU and the implications such an action would carry. Borocz concludes that the â€Å"essence of the European Union’s strategy vis-à  -vis the central and eastern European applicants is integration without inclusion, participation in the production systems, and appendance to the consumption markets of EU corporations without the attendant political, economical, social, and cultural rights conferred by European Union citizenship†[6]. That the Eastern Bloc is aware of this inequity suggests the a cceptance of said fact, returning the EU as an organization to a reincarnation of Enlightenment-era prejudice, exclusion, and exploitation. The concept of â€Å"Europeanness† here would be nominal at best, as Eastern Europe would be included at face value, never accepted as a contemporary of its Western counterpart. Appendini and Bislev argue in their Integration in NAFTA and the EU that the phenomenon of European integration is â€Å"reminiscent of the classical historical process of state and nation building† as perceived from â€Å"European history: a set of regulations being established for a territory (an expanding one, but at each moment precisely defined)†[7]. Contrary to Borocz’s observation of deliberate Western procrastination in the acceptance of Eastern membership, Appendini and Bislev suggest the vast requisite regulations which would ensure stable integration into the existing EU framework take time to implement, and suggest that the dismissal of the necessary implementation procedures would compromise the legitimacy of Eastern bloc membership, hence reducing membership to the aforementioned paradoxical state Woolf and Borocz describe. Most prominent among the issues faced by Western Europe were addressed by Denmark, who, despite descriptions of being â€Å"th e most knowledgeable and well-informed about European matters,† are â€Å"just about the most negatively inclined towards integration† owing to the question of â€Å"the welfare state, broadly defined†[8]. The relative economic underdevelopment of the Eastern Bloc, from a macro-economical standpoint, would beg the question of fiscal compromise on the part of Western member states. At which point would European integration serve existing members? The longue-duree aspect of political weight here manifests itself in the conceptualization of national discourse and the common interest formed by the EU. If the EU serves as a means to galvanize the continent in matters of policy and economic decision-making, at which point would Eastern European interests counterbalance and take precedence over the interests of Western Europe? The integration of Eastern member states would have to provide at the very least the potential to benefit existing Western members. Moving past fiscal issues brings to the forefront the question of protocol in the realm of geopolitical and global security realities. Gale Stokes suggests that â€Å"nation inclusion opens borders, creating the need for new defenses and changes in strategy†; for instance, â€Å"Poland and the Baltic nations are still redefining their defense strategies in the wake of the Warsaw Pact’s dissolution†[9]. The integration of most Eastern Bloc states would include the â€Å"onerous burden of having to create a new national defense policy,† conceivably overshadowed by the added weight of having to develop â€Å"national welfare and infrastructure building† to meet EU standards[10]. Were these nations able to achieve such goals independent of the EU, they would already have done so, begging the question of the true value of integration. In adopting Western Europe’s â€Å"particular set of basic values and beliefs† regarding â€Å"nationhood, popular sovereignty and democracy,† Eastern states would provide the Western EU members with added stresses, disrupting the function of an already uncertain establishment. From a security standpoint, Western states would be naturally apprehensive of the geopolitical changes and new threats that have emerged since the Cold War; in this sense, Borocz’s assertions of Western hesitation would be justified. The conflict in Bosnia, for example, is a quintessential example of the types of wars that deter â€Å"most aligned countries from seeking† full integration, as Western Europe was intent at the end of WWII to avoid such â€Å"explosive territorial, ethnic, or religious conflicts†[11]. Lengthy but legitimizing measures such as the temporal associate-member status of the Eastern Bloc are regulations asserted to be â€Å"superior to others†; legitimacy can only be attempted through the â€Å"decision-making mechanisms established† in existing EU membership protocol[12]. Gale Stokes notes Lithuanian Defense Minister Andrius Butkevicius’ hierarchy of threats, citing: â€Å"†¦instability in the former USSR, followed by ethno-religious and territorial conflicts, followed by crime and industrial disasters. With the threat of high-intensity conflicts unlikely in the short run, nations face subtler threats, including disaster-relief operations, peace operations, international crime and drug trafficking, illegal migration, and terrorism. The escalation of such threats to regional conflicts is a threat to long-term security [for the EU as a whole]†[13]. Since Borocz crafted his article, various Eastern Bloc nations have begun their integration into the EU. Their experiences, however, should be duly noted in modern issues such as Turkish ascension and the political ramifications of European inclusion of states such as Serbia and Croatia. Assertions of longue-duree such as those intimated by Borocz and Woolf are not necessarily negated by Eastern admittance (albeit partial) to the EU; the potential still exists for furthered exploitation, as full membership is contingent on Western attitudes and political action. Theoretically speaking, Eastern nations are never fully guaranteed equality in such integration; ironically, unity seems to be a concept extending only to those who have the political and economical clout to take the steps to make it a reality. The modicum of exclusion still existing in the minds of Western Europe limit the EU’s scope and function, as it â€Å"is probably not going to be a nation-state in the classica l sense† owing to the â€Å"fragmented and disperse elements of European identities† preventing the assembly of â€Å"anything resembling even a modest version of a national identity†[14]. The â€Å"associate membership† Borocz describes still has the potential to retard the EU’s abilities to function as a cohesive whole[15]. While the policies of the EU may not be largely based on an isolated perception of the Cold War Eastern Bloc nations, the essence of the EU strategy remains integration without full inclusion, the fact remains that a degree of inequity will pervade the EU’s future functions and day-to-day dealings on the global stage. The degree of integration and the increment steps coerced upon Eastern member ascension therefore remains in the eye of the beholder, so to speak; for the optimist daring to believe in the potential of integration, the inequity of the present is attributed to a genuine concern for the future. To the cynic, however, the remarkably slow process of integration and Western Europe’s modern policies smack of the prejudiced perceptions of old. BIBLIOGRAPHY Appendini, Kirsten A. and Sven Bislev (eds). (1999) Integration in NAFTA and the EU:Deficient Institutionality. Basingstoke: Hampshire Palgrave Macmillan. Borocz, Josef. (2000) â€Å"The fox and the raven: the European Union and Hungaryrenegotiate the margins of ‘Europe,’† pp. 77-83. Goldman, Minton F. (1997) Revolution and Change in Central and Eastern Europe:Political, Economic, and Social Challenges. Armonk: ME Sharpe, Inc. Nabli, Mustapha K. (1999) Financial Integration, Vulnerabilities to Crisis, and EUAccession in Five Central European Countries. Washington, DC: World Bank P. Schimmelfennig, Frank. (2003) The EU, NATO, and the Integration of Europe: Rulesand Rhetoric. Cambridge: Cambridge U P. Stokes, Gale. (1998) Annual Survey of Eastern Europe and the Former Soviet Union1997, The Challenge of Integration. Armonk: ME Sharpe, Inc. Tang, Helena. (2000) Winners and Losers in EU Integration: Policy Issues for Centraland Eastern Europe. Washington, DC: World Bank P. Woolf, Larry. (1994) pp. 1-6. 1 Footnotes [1] Borocz 2000, p. 79 [2] Woolf 1994, p. 1 [3] Ibid [4] Borocz 2000, p. 81 [5] Ibid [6] Borocz 2000, pp. 81-82 [7] Appendini and Bislev 1999, p. 126 [8] Ibid [9] Stokes 1998, p. 130 [10] Ibid [11] Ibid [12] Appendini and Bislev 1999, p. 126 [13] Stokes 1998, p. 131 [14] Appendini and Bislev 1999, p. 126 [15] Borocz 2000, pp. 81-82